👉 Emerged during 6th century BCE (time of Mahajanapadas)
👉 Reaction against:

• Rigid caste system
• Complex rituals of Later Vedic period

☸️ Buddhism – Teachings of Gautama Buddha**

📍 Basic Facts

• Birth: Lumbini (modern Nepal)
• Original name: Siddhartha
• Clan: Shakya
• Enlightenment: Bodh Gaya
• First sermon: Sarnath
• Death (Mahaparinirvana): Kushinagar

🌟 Four Noble Truths (Core Teaching)

1. Life is full of suffering (Dukkha)
2. Cause of suffering = Desire (Trishna)
3. Suffering can end
4. Path to end suffering = Eightfold Path

🛤️ Eightfold Path

• Right View
• Right Thought
• Right Speech
• Right Action
• Right Livelihood
• Right Effort
• Right Mindfulness
• Right Concentration

🧘 Key Principles

• Middle Path (avoid extremes)
• Non-violence (Ahimsa)
• Karma & Rebirth
• No belief in soul (Anatta)

📚 Buddhist Literature

• Tripitaka (Three Baskets):
  • Vinaya Pitaka (rules)
  • Sutta Pitaka (teachings)
  • Abhidhamma Pitaka

🏛️ Spread of Buddhism

• Supported by kings like:
  • Ashoka
• Spread to:
  • Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Southeast Asia

🕉️ Jainism – Teachings of Mahavira**

📍 Basic Facts

• Birth: Kundagrama (Bihar)
• Original name: Vardhamana
• 24th Tirthankara
• Attained Kevala Jnana (knowledge)
• Died at Pavapuri

🌟 Five Great Vows (Panch Mahavratas)

1. Ahimsa (Non-violence)
2. Satya (Truth)
3. Asteya (No stealing)
4. Brahmacharya (Celibacy)
5. Aparigraha (Non-possession)

🧘 Key Principles

• Strict non-violence
• Belief in:
  • Karma and rebirth
  • Soul (Atma)
• Goal: Moksha (liberation)

📚 Jain Literature

• Agamas (sacred texts)

🏛️ Sects of Jainism

• Digambara (sky-clad)
• Shvetambara (white-clad)

🔄 Difference Between Buddhism & Jainism

✨ Similarities

• Both:
  • Opposed caste system
  • Rejected Vedic rituals
  • Focused on karma and rebirth
  • Promoted simple living and ethics

• Buddhism & Jainism brought:
  • Religious reform
  • Moral teachings
  • Equality and simplicity
• Played a major role in shaping Indian philosophy and culture